This paper incorporates plant-level data from the manufacturing sector in Germany to
expand the literature on the impact of outsourcing on firm-level productivity. The 2009
Capgemini Executive Outsourcing Survey (Wilmot, 2009) indicates that nearly threefourths
of the (surveyed) executives believe that outsourcing enables firms to survive in today’s
global economy. They argue that outsourcing makes firms agile and flexible (60 percent),
thereby making them better capable of facing competition, and that the money saved from
outsourcing can facilitate growth (70 percent). However, in an era of high unemployment,
criticism of outsourcing in the developed world is on the rise; and such criticism has found
some support from academic research. Keuschnigg and Ribi (2009) demonstrated that outsourcing
increases both unemployment and the labor income risk of unskilled workers in the
home country. In addition, Zhang (2011) argued that even if outsourcing increases employment
in the aggregate, it may cause net welfare loss through resource misallocation. Such findings
have resulted in a wide range of propositions to reduce outsourcing, either by disincentivizing

Abstract I attempt to identify a causal link between the outsourcing of parts of the production process and firm productivity for a large panel of Irish manufacturing firms. Outsourcing is taken to mean the procurement of inputs from outside the boundaries of the firm, with international outsourcing being outsourcing from a foreign provider. Theory suggests that as firms outsource more ‘non-core’ activities to specialized providers, productivity will increase along two channels: in the short-run, the firm will benefit from cheaper or higher-quality inputs, while in the medium term the firm will be able to reallocate resources towards higher value-added activities. The international outsourcing case adds another dimension, in that firms that outsource from abroad can experience further productivity gains from the higher quality and variety of inputs on offer and from exposure to new technologies, practices and knowledge. I test the above hypothesis using a “System GMM” estimator to control for endogeneity in the panel and allow for a lagged dependent variable to be a regressor. I find that international outsourcing leads to productivity gains, but upon closer inspection that firms’ international orientation and type of industry both matter.

Abstract
Despite the attention that offshore outsourcing currently demands in the public media, there is little empirical evidence on its economic impact. As a consequence of rising fears of job losses associated with the phenomenon, most existing research on the subject is primarily concerned with addressing related labour market issues. The impacts on productivity, however, have received only little attention. This paper surveys the empirical literature on offshore outsourcing and its productivity effects. Due to the small number of existing studies, the survey also includes research that may serve as indirect evidence of the phenomenon’s link to productivity, such as its effect on skill upgrading. The most apparent conclusion drawn from the review is that there appears to be no clear patterns as to how offshore outsourcing affects productivity, and that much depends on both sector and firm-specific characteristics. There are some indications, however, that positive productivity effects from foreign material sourcing depends on the degree to which firms are already globally engaged, but also that such engagements generally could be close to their optimum level in developed economies. There is little existing research on offshoring of services, but it appears that its productivity enhancing effects generally are small in manufacturing plants while being of a somewhat greater magnitude for firms in the services sector.

Abstract We investigate the impact of international outsourcing on productivity using plant level data for Irish manufacturing. Specifically, we distinguish the effect of outsourcing of materials from services inputs. Moreover, we examine whether the impact on productivity is different for plants being more embedded in international markets through exporting or being part of a multinational. Our results show that productivity benefits only accrue to affiliates of foreignowned multinationals and exporters. In particular, for foreign-owned exporting plants increased international outsourcing of both services and materials is associated with higher productivity, whereas this link only exists for domestic exporters’ outsourcing of materials. Keywords: International outsourcing, productivity, exporting, multinational production

Abstract—The article describes a case study on one of Czech
Republic’s manufacturing middle size enterprises (ME), where due to
the European financial crisis, production lines had to be redesigned
and optimized in order to minimize the total costs of the production
of goods. It is considered an optimization problem of minimizing the
total cost of the work load, according to the costs of the possible
locations of the workplaces, with an application of the Greedy
algorithm and a partial analogy to a Set Packing Problem. The
displacement of working tables in a company should be as a one-toone
monotone increasing function in order for the total costs of
production of the goods to be at minimum. We use a heuristic
approach with greedy algorithm for solving this linear optimization
problem, regardless the possible greediness which may appear and
we apply it in a Czech ME.
Keywords—Czech, greedy algorithm, minimize, total costs

Abstract—This research presents a fuzzy multi-objective model
for a machine selection problem in a flexible manufacturing system
of a tire company. Two main objectives are minimization of an
average machine error and minimization of the total setup time.
Conventionally, the working team uses trial and error in selecting a
pressing machine for each task due to the complexity and constraints
of the problem. So, both objectives may not satisfy. Moreover, trial
and error takes a lot of time to get the final decision. Therefore, in
this research preemptive fuzzy goal programming model is developed
for solving this multi-objective problem. The proposed model can
obtain the appropriate results that the Decision Making (DM) is
satisfied for both objectives. Besides, alternative choice can be easily
generated by varying the satisfaction level. Additionally, decision
time can be reduced by using the model, which includes all
constraints of the system to generate the solutions. A numerical
example is also illustrated to show the effectiveness of the proposed
model.
Keywords—Machine Selection, Preemptive Fuzzy Goal
Programming, Mixed Integer Programming, Application of Tire
Industry

چكيده: بانك بيمه، به عنوان فروش محصولات بيمه اي از طريق بانك ه ا، يكي از مصاديق
فروش متقاطع از سوي نهادهاي مالي و خريد متقاطع از جانب مشتريان است. اين رويكرد با
افزايش رقابت و براي ايجاد يك سوپرماركت مالي به منظورِ تأمين همة نيازهاي مالي مشتريان
از يك ارائ هدهنده به شدت در حال رشد است. در اين راستا، نخست لازم است عواملي كه باعث
ايجاد انگيزه در مشتريان يك بانك براي خريد محصولات بيمه اي مي شود شناسايي گردد. اين
تحقيق توصيفي- پيمايشي است. هدف اصلي اين تحقيق شناسايي عوامل مؤثر بر تمايل
مشتريان براي خريد متقاطع بانك بيمه است. چارچوب نظري تحقيق بر مبناي مدل سورلي و
همكاران در سال 2008 ايجاد شده و بر اين اساس داراي 6 فرضيه است. نتايج بررسي ها نشان
داد تصوير بانك و اعتماد مشتريان به بانك به صورت مثبت و معناداري با تمايل به خريد
متقاطع بانك بيمه رابطه دارد. همچنين، ارزش دريافتي با رضايتمندي و رضايتمندي با تصوير و
اعتماد رابطة مثبت و معناداري دارند

چكيده: در اين پژوهش ضمن معرفي رويكرد قابليت، تلاش شده است تا برد نافذ شاخ صهاي
توسعة قابليت هاي انساني بر اساس دستورالعم لهاي نامة 53 نه جالبلاغه كه بردي فرازماني دارد
مدنظر قرار بگيرد. در اين پژوهش، براي گردآوري داده ها، متن گرانماية اين نامه با استفاده از
روش تحليل تم تحليل و كدگذاري شد. نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش مشتمل بر دوازده تم فرعي
در باب فلسفة حكومت، عامليت انساني مردم، مقام خليفه اللهي انسان، اصلاح امور مردم به مثابه
حق صريح آنان، تعدد ذ ينفعان، انگيزه، احترام به اختيار مثبت، عدالت خواهي ، انصاف جويي ،
توسعة سلامت و فرصت هاي اقتصادي، توسعة فرصت هاي حمايتي و آبادسازي و اصلاح بلاد و
شهرها و پنج تم اصلي دال بر پديده محوري توسعة قابليت هاي انساني، شرايط علّي توسعة اين
قابليت ها، شرايط ميانجي توسعة اين قابليت ها، شرايط زمين هاي توسعة اين قابليت ها و پيامد
نهايي توسعة اين قابليت ها بود. در نهايت با استفاده از تم هاي اصلي و فرعي، چارچوبي براي
توسعة رويكرد قابليت هاي انساني ارائه شد.

چكيده: امروزه با توجه به رقابت شديد حاكم بر محيط بازار، به كارگيري راهبرد هاي متناسب
با مشتريان، به منظور جذب و حفظ آنان ضرورتي انكارناپذير است. اما دستيابي به اين مهم،
منوط به شناخت مشتريان و درك الگوهاي رفتاري آنان است . هدف اين پژوهش تعيين
راهبرد هاي برخورد با مشتريان جديد براساس رفتار مشتريان فعلي است . در راستاي نيل به
و NPS هدف پژوهش، ابتدا الگوهاي رفتاري حاكم بر مشتريان فعلي با استفاده از پرسشنامة
شناسايي شد. سپس، راهبرد برخورد با مشتريان جديد به وسيلة شاخص قابليت RST روش
پذيرش و رد با نسبت دادن آن ها به طبقات از پيش تعريف شده مشخص شد . اين پژوهش با
توجه به هدف كاربردي و از نظر رو ششناسي جزء پژوهش هاي پيمايشي است،كه روي 250
نمونه، از كاربران تلفن همراه سون ياريكسون اجرا شده است. نتايج پژوهش نشان مي دهد بعد
قابليت اطمينان نقش مهمي در تأثيرگذاري بر رفتار مشتري ان دارد و براساس الگوي رفتاري
مشتريان فعلي مي توان راهبرد متناسب با مشتريان جديد را به دست آورد.

چكيده: توجه جدي به مشتري، لازمة تداوم فعاليت در بازارهاي رقابتي امروز است . از طريق
جلب رضايت مشتري، سازمان ها مي توانند هزينه هاي توليدشان را كاسته و درآمدشان را افزايش
دهند. مديريت ارتباط با مشتري به مديران و سازمان ها در برقراري ارتباط سازنده با مشتريان و
حفظ آن ها كمك مي كند. بنابراين، تدوين و استقرار سيستم كارآمد مديريت ارتباط با مشتري ،
جزء ضروريات سازمان هاي امروزي محسوب مي شود. در پژوهش حاضر، نقش عوامل مؤثر بر
موفقيت راهبرد مديريت ارتباط با مشتري در نمايندگي هاي فروش خودرو ي اس تان گيلان
بررسي شده است. يافته هاي پژوهش نشان م يدهد كه مديريت دانش، متغيرهاي سازماني،
كيفيت مراودات و فناوري با موفقيت راهبرد ارتباط با مشتري در نمايندگي هاي فروش خودروي
استان رابطة مستقيم دارند اما تجربة به كارگيري از سيستم ارتباط با مشتري لزوماً به موفقيت
راهبرد مديريت ارتباط با مشتري منجر نمي شود.